Cystoscopy is the reference standard for bladder cancer detection, and is also used to monitor patients with a history of the disease. The procedure is, however, invasive, and some patients find ...

mainly of cytology specificity 96 percent for thebladder uroepithelial cancer CT scan Excellent for examining the Expensive renal parenchyma Angiography Useful for gross hematuria when Invasive ...

Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in an individual's urine and can be categorized in two different ways.

Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in ... and also performing imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scan. In some cases, the test to look inside the bladder with a small camera (cystoscopy ...

Investigations. Blood and urine tests, CT of the abdomen, chest X-ray, antegrade pyelography, intravenous urography, renal ultrasonography and diuretic renal scan. Diagnosis. Complete avulsion ...