Layers 7 through 4 are geared more to the application than the lower layers, which are designed to move packets from one place to another no matter what they contain. Layer 5 provides coordination.

In Chapter 4 we focused mostly on media and the physical layer (layer 1 of the OSI model), and did not include any discussion about specific network components. Similarly, Chapter 5, which examined ...

The physical layer is the lowest layer (layer 1) of the OSI Reference Model. The OSI model was discussed in Chapter 2. What does the physical layer do? Before sending data on the network, the physical ...