Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a neurological disorder caused by dystonia (abnormal ... caused by impairment in the normal motor control mechanisms within the basal ganglia (deep brain structures which ...

It causes involuntary movement in the muscles of the voice ... Kennedy says he was diagnosed at age 42 with the disorder. People with spasmodic dysphonia will often have the following symptoms ...

It is known as a focal dystonia, a neurological movement disorder that affects one specific part of the body. Writer’s cramp, where there are spasms in the hands or fingers, or persistent eye ...

Neurol Clin. 2021;39(1):209-229. Lenka A, Jankovic J. Peripherally induced movement disorders - an update. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2023 Mar 28;13:8. Sringean J, Dressler D, Bhidayasiri R.