1998). It represents the resistance to change of a particular ecological state. Stable equilibrium (state): In ecological studies the state can be defined by the set of biotic and abiotic ...

The following simulations show how “bumps” will result in different final equilibrium states for three different loadings. Recall that for α < 1, the system is unstable. The loadings on the left two ...

What makes this experiment special is that it created a structure that is not in thermodynamic equilibrium ... fast-forming but less stable complex B. The short-lasting unstable complex B ...