A peel-away needle is used to puncture the peritoneum. The distal shunt, which has been subcutaneously tunneled from the head toward the abdomen, is inserted through the needle and placed into the ...

A study by Malm et al. (1995) found that the number of patients with INPH who improved from surgical management with a VP shunt declined from 64% at 3 months to 26% at 3 years. The study also ...