Adequate venous drainage of brain parenchyma is essential to maintain cerebral perfusion and clearance of cerebrospinal fluid. The cortical vein opacification score (COVES) is a radiographic metric ...

Cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was recommended for the pretreatment assessment of cerebral AVMs by the Society of Neurointerventional Surgery (SNIS ... draining vein has a very long ...

the cause of which can be structural (e.g., venous reflux or obstruction) or functional (e.g., dependent edema, weak calf muscle, or obesity) or both. The diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency ...