The precise measurement of electrical resistance is essential in industrial production or electronics – for example, in the manufacture of high-tech sensors, microchips and flight controls.

V_{tpd}\) can also be calculated as \(I R\) where \(R\) is the load resistance. Voltage is a measure of energy, and energy is always conserved. So the EMF \(E\) of a cell is equal to the sum of ...

material, eg copper, has lower resistance than steel length - longer ... The two main ways of increasing the current in an electrical circuit are by increasing the voltage or by decreasing the ...