Porphyritic enclaves are produced when intruding basaltic magma engulfs melt and phenocrysts of resident silicic magma at their mutual interface. Equigranular enclaves are a product of a more ...

yielding mafic and felsic magmas 4 - 2.5 b.y. - formation of the first stable crust - beginning of the rock record - oldest rocks found on Earth are 4 b.y. old - normal plate tectonics probably didn't ...

Grimsvotn is not just another volcano; It’s a special beast that captivates both Mafic Maniacs and Caldera Crazies ... Unlike Ioto and Chiles-Cerro Negro, which have longer dormancy periods and lacks ...

Scientists found living microbes in a 2-billion-year-old rock in South Africa, providing insights into early life on Earth ...

However, this approach might apply to any volcano that erupts mafic (olivine- and pyroxene-rich) magmas, which typically rise rapidly through the crust without pausing for long in ponding zones ...

Since then, multiple eruptions have tapped a source of magma at the base of the crust under the island nation. That magma ...

These anaerobic conditions are found below the water table, where methane is produced from soil organic matter by methanogens that exclusively belong to the archaea domain (Ferry, 1999). Methane ...

Suzuki and colleagues analyzed a rock sample from the Bushveld Igneous Complex, a rocky intrusion in northeastern South Africa that formed when magma slowly cooled below the Earth’s surface ...

Bjorn Guðmundsson leads me to a grassy hillside. He is running a team of international scientists who plan to drill into Krafla's magma. “We’re standing on the spot where we are going to ...